Examples of earnings

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Secondly, labour earnings can only be taxed up to a point, and there are reasons to believe that co-ordinated market economies have reached this limit.
We recognize, of course, that there is huge variance (inequality) in earnings everywhere.
Contributing to a personal pension in spite of low earnings was much more common among women than men.
Earnings also contribute less to the income packages of migrants than those of citizens.
Second, earnings comprise an even greater proportion of migrants' income package, a huge 80 per cent.
Very much like his father, he invested his earnings principally in rural property.
The study will measure the role of various types of governmental intervention programmes on three aspects of immigrants' occupational integration: employment, occupational status and earnings.
However, as we saw, those who were informed and were provided with the governmental and non-governmental services benefited from higher earnings.
Resulting changes in earnings then affect tax and benefits.
Of those, 1,530 where adults who filed income tax returns, 1,009 of them reporting earnings from salaries and wages.
Fiscal earnings were not the only reason why some governors were unwilling to enforce these laws.
After providing a brief overview of young women's changing employment and earnings patterns, the importance of waged work in structuring leisure access is examined.
Of the remainder, fifty-three paid on goods, three on wages, and thirteen on earnings.
Until 1970 it was uprated in line with prices, then with earnings and prices and the 'base appears to have become irrelevant'.
After that, during retirement, state pensions are linked to prices only, while the means-tested minimum is planned to rise with earnings.
Here post-retirement indexation of the total topped-up to is assumed to be earnings-linked.
The paper also offers suggestions on extra disclosures that might help in curbing earnings management.
The investment earnings of the fund underpin the resulting debt servicing, with the government as guarantor of the fund assuming any residual liability.
On the other hand, this type of adjustment allows limiting the inequality between earnings and pension benefits that is observed in the replacement rate scenario.
Many of the prior studies have used unexpected accruals to proxy for earnings management.
Firms report a mean $1.33 of earnings per share.
Specifically, workers with low lifetime earnings tend to have higher mortality rates.
The critical point of the whole study is as follows : how strongly are individual lifespans and retirement ages (and earnings) correlated ?
In 1969 pension benefits for private sector employees started to be computed on the basis of earnings (final salaries).
Final earnings for workers who leave before retirement are not indexed to prices or future wage growth.
In contrast, the pension level is determined for each pensioner i individually and takes account of his earnings history.
She finds variation in persistency by gender, earnings and household income.
Liquidity is important in our model because risk-averse individuals have an incentive to smooth consumption over earnings and employment shocks.
The expectation in equation (9) is taken over uncertainty about employment and earnings.
Spells of unemployment explain only part of the variation in retirement savings ; earnings dynamics are another component.
Past earnings are generally 'valorized ' to reflect changes in living standards between the time pension rights accrued and the time they are claimed.
Our earlier described transition matrix determines sorting across particular earnings quartiles for men and women separately.
Timing impacts are observed to be largest for high earnings workers and to increase with unemployment losses disproportionately.
In addition, the majority of funds have moved from final salary schemes to generally cheaper forms of average earnings schemes.
The difference is again due to the curvature of earnings.
We therefore estimate earnings regressions and their associated covariance structures at the level of the individual.
The curve for the relative pension level in this case is a flat line against earnings.
In addition, using final years' salary as the reference wage especially favored workers with steep age-earnings profiles, who tended to be highly educated men.
Over the period from 1948 to 1975 this was increased on an ad hoc basis and actually grew relative to average earnings.
Moreover, the valuation that the market placed on the pension-related accruals was indistinguishable from that placed on sponsors' core earnings.
There is no mandatory contribution for earnings over the established maximum.
Even when all benefits are earnings-dependent, this effect is not negligible.
In the present paper, we follow the latter approach and investigate the effects of extending the basic model with an idiosyncratic labor earnings shock.
Intuitively, a change in aggregate risk may lead to a contraction in activity, raising unemployment, which would then impact on the variability of individual earnings.
However, the actual social security system is progressive, so that people with higher earnings receive less than proportionally.
The former is due largely to the implicit insurance that higher labor income tax rates provide against earnings risk with endogenous factor prices.
We conduct this exercise for the forecast of period 1, period 2, and lifetime earnings.
Given the relatively small role for uncertainty, it is unlikely that expectational errors about future earnings play a major role in explaining college choices.
From the workers' side, migration and lack of literacy demanded protection of earnings and accounts from predators.
However, the biggest financial difference is between people who receive market earnings or government transfers, and those people who have neither.
There is substantial evidence from these studies that informal supporters suffer financially from extra expenditure or reduced earnings.
Nearly one-fifth of pensioners continue working after their retirement age, creating two sources of income, the pension and their earnings.
If those on lower earnings tend to withdraw earlier than others, then there will be a tendency for average earnings in later life to rise.
Developing economies are diverse and complex, and in most cases agriculture remains an important source of employment, output and foreign currency earnings.
Earnings and labour may also have provided married women with a sense of possession.
With a further increase in their real earnings, the changing pattern of their expenditure continued.
First, their earnings were of great importance to them.
Early working was the norm for children in households without a father's earnings, in fact it was a defining characteristic of their situation.
Not surprisingly, the pattern is reversed for workers, among whom, for example, labour earnings comprise 89 per cent of total household income on average.
The expected earnings and volatility of earnings for farmers in each region are calculated, with and without a spot market for water.
In addition, one day's earnings forgone was added.
As shown in figure 7, the increase in retained earnings is transferred into an increase in investment.
One girl left home because her parents insisted on her handing over all her earnings while she was living at home.
Their economy is based on agriculture supplemented by non-agriculture wage earnings.
He suggested that far from under-estimating earnings he might have actually over-estimated family earnings.
In particular, around the beginning of recessions, volatility rises considerably, whereas expected return falls, anticipating a decrease in earnings.
The two sectors are mutually reinforcing : declining agricultural earnings can seriously undermine the rural population's purchasing power for non-agricultural items.
The study found that the use of share plans per se had no main effect on performance (measured in terms of profitability and price:earnings ratio).
Both interest earnings and interest expense are included in the trust fund balance.
The cash surplus/deficit excludes interest earnings on trust fund assets and interest expense associated with the assumed borrowing.
Stated differently, it was primarily focused on maximizing earnings and not enough on managing risk, including risk relating to its hardearned and priceless reputation.
Only 27% of lone parents had earnings as their main source of income in 1987, compared with 86% of two parent families.
A separate scheme may provide for the payment of expenses and a loss of earnings allowance.
Employment for life and pay according to age should produce an earnings curve that rises steadily from recruitment to retirement.
Being" out of the labour market" is defined as earning less than a quarter of the average male industrial earnings- £29.50 per week in 1982.
The compensatory financing was designed to give temporary support to countries facing short-term fluctuations in export earnings, predominantly primary producing nations.
The crucial factors are the relative opportunity costs and the ratio of men's to women's earnings.
Two-thirds of this group got over three-quarters of their income from state benefits and only 7 percent had any earnings from employment.
As well as increasing export earnings they also add to the pipeline network supplying the home market.
Weekly earnings in real terms at the end of the nine years were not far short of one third higher than at the beginning.
Earnings data are available for individuals, while consumption decisions are generally made by families.
One would expect to see more sustained growth of earnings in sheltered sectors of the economy.
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